How to Immigrate to Cyprus: A Complete Step-by-Step Guide (2025-2026 Edition)

Cyprus has become one of the most attractive destinations for people seeking a new life in the Mediterranean. With its stable economy, warm climate, English-speaking population, and straightforward residency programs, the island offers a perfect balance of comfort, safety, and opportunity.
Whether you’re a family looking for a peaceful relocation, a professional working remotely, or an investor seeking European residency, Cyprus makes immigration simple — and in many cases, all it takes is purchasing a property worth €300,000 or more.
In this complete 2025 guide, we’ll explore every detail of the process — from visa types and residency requirements to the cost of living, education, and healthcare — along with local insights from Cyprus VIP Estates, a leading real estate expert specializing in new developments across Paphos, Larnaca, and Limassol.
Why Move to Cyprus

1. A Mediterranean Lifestyle with European Standards
Cyprus enjoys over 320 days of sunshine per year and offers one of the healthiest climates in Europe. Winters are mild (10–15°C), and summers are long and dry (28–34°C). Beyond the weather, life here moves at a slower, more relaxed pace — a welcome contrast for those moving from fast-paced cities like London, Dubai, or Tel Aviv.
Add to that high-quality infrastructure, clean beaches awarded with the Blue Flag, and modern healthcare — and you’ll see why Cyprus consistently ranks among the best countries in Europe for expats.
2. English Is Widely Spoken
Unlike many EU countries, English is an official business language on the island. Most Cypriots are bilingual, meaning daily life — from opening a bank account to seeing a doctor — is simple for foreigners.
This is especially appealing for expats from the UK, Scandinavia, Israel, and the UAE, where English proficiency is high.
3. A Safe and Family-Friendly Environment
Cyprus has one of the lowest crime rates in Europe. Children can walk to school safely, and communities are close-knit and welcoming. Many expats describe life here as “Europe’s hidden gem for families.”
There are excellent international schools in every major city, including British, American, and Russian programs — making Cyprus a top destination for families with children.
4. Attractive Tax System
Cyprus offers one of the most favorable tax regimes in the EU:
- 12.5% corporate income tax (among the lowest in Europe).
- No inheritance tax.
- No tax on dividends for non-domiciled residents.
- Foreign pension income taxed at only 5% after the first €3,420.
For entrepreneurs, digital nomads, and investors, Cyprus combines EU membership benefits with a pro-business climate.
5. Residency by Property Investment — The Easiest Path
- The most popular immigration route is Cyprus Permanent Residency by Investment (Category F).
- If you buy new property worth at least €300,000 (plus VAT) from a developer, you can obtain permanent residency for you and your entire family — including your spouse and dependent children under 25.
This means:
- You can live in Cyprus indefinitely.
- You can access healthcare and education systems.
- After Cyprus joins the Schengen area, you’ll enjoy unrestricted travel within the EU.
- You can maintain your current citizenship — no renunciation required.
You can view and purchase qualifying properties directly at Cyprus VIP Estates, where you’ll find exclusive new developments across Paphos, Limassol, and Larnaca.
6. Strategic Position and Convenient Access
Ideally situated, Cyprus connects Europe with the Middle East and North Africa.
There are daily direct flights to London, Dubai, Tel Aviv, Vienna, Oslo, and Zurich — making it ideal for business travelers and families with international connections.
The island also boasts two modern international airports (in Paphos and Larnaca), with high connectivity and short flight times to major hubs.
7. Growing Real Estate Market
Cyprus’ property market continues to grow steadily, especially in coastal cities like Paphos and Limassol, where demand for high-end apartments and villas has surged due to the residency program and foreign investment.
Buying property here not only opens the door to permanent residency — it’s also a profitable long-term investment with rising rental yields and potential appreciation.
Ways to Immigrate to Cyprus
Cyprus offers multiple immigration routes, each designed for a specific type of resident — from investors and digital nomads to retirees and families. The island’s policies are investor-friendly and expat-oriented, with one of the simplest permanent residency procedures in the European Union.
Below are all the main immigration pathways available in 2025-2026.
1. Cyprus Permanent Residency by Investment (Fast-Track Program)
The most popular and straightforward path to immigration is through property investment.
Key Requirements:
- Purchase new real estate worth at least €300,000 (plus VAT) from a Cypriot developer.
- The required funds must originate from abroad and be transferred through the applicant’s personal bank account.
- Applicants must demonstrate a stable annual income of at least €30,000, plus an additional €5,000 for each dependent.
- A clear criminal background and comprehensive health insurance for the entire family are required.
Family Inclusion:
The permanent residency permit covers:
- The applicant and their spouse.
- Children under 18.
- Dependent, unmarried children up to 25 years old are also eligible for inclusion.
Processing Time:
Typically 2–4 months from submission to approval.
Benefits:
- Lifetime residency with no renewal requirements.
- Full access to healthcare and education.
- Flexibility to stay in Cyprus permanently or visit occasionally as preferred.
- Living in Cyprus for seven years opens the door to full citizenship.
👉 Pro Tip:
You can explore qualifying real estate projects directly on Cyprus VIP Estates — offering premium villas, apartments, and penthouses across Paphos, Limassol, and Larnaca, fully compliant with the permanent residency program.
2. Digital Nomad Visa (Remote Worker Program)
Introduced in 2022, this visa allows remote workers, freelancers, and online entrepreneurs to live in Cyprus while working for foreign employers or clients.
Requirements:
- A minimum post-tax monthly income of €3,500 is required.
- Valid employment or proof of self-employment with non-Cypriot clients.
- Health insurance and clean criminal record.
Key Facts:
- Initially valid for 1 year, renewable for 2 more years.
- Holders can apply for family reunification (spouse + children).
- Access to local healthcare and services similar to residents.
This program is particularly popular among IT professionals, consultants, and entrepreneurs relocating from Northern Europe, Israel, and the UAE.
3. Work Visa (Employment-Based Immigration)
If you receive a job offer from a Cyprus-based employer, you can obtain a temporary residence and work permit.
Typical Sectors Hiring Expats:
- IT and fintech.
- Real estate and construction.
- Tourism and hospitality.
- Education and healthcare.
Process:
- The work permit process is handled directly by your employer.
- The entry visa should be obtained at your nearest Cyprus embassy or consulate.
- After entering Cyprus, registration at the Civil Registry and Migration Department is required.
Work visas are valid for 1–2 years and can be extended indefinitely while employed.
4. Student Visa
- Cyprus is home to several well-regarded international universities offering programs in English.
- Students coming from outside the EU can apply for a residence permit covering their study period in Cyprus.
Requirements:
- An official acceptance letter from a recognized educational institution is required.
- Applicants need to provide evidence of tuition fee payment.
- Bank statement showing funds to support living expenses.
After graduation, students can switch to another visa type (work, digital nomad, or residency by investment).
5. Retirement (Category F Residence Permit)
Cyprus is one of the top retirement destinations in Europe thanks to its mild climate, low crime rate, and favorable taxation for pensioners.
Eligibility:
- Proof of stable income from pension, savings, or investments (minimum €30,000/year).
- Health insurance coverage.
- No need to buy property — renting is allowed, but home ownership simplifies the process.
Benefits:
- Permanent residence with minimal bureaucracy.
- 5% flat tax on foreign pension income above €3,420 per year.
- Access to excellent healthcare and expat communities.
6. Family Reunification
Non-EU citizens legally residing in Cyprus can bring their immediate family members. Best suited for those who already hold a residence permit granted via work or investment programs.
Requirements:
- Provide evidence of suitable accommodation in Cyprus.
- Demonstrate financial stability to cover the needs of dependents.
- Applicants must hold active health insurance.
Residence rights for family members are issued based on the main applicant’s status.
Summary of Main Immigration Routes
Immigration Type | Minimum Investment | Processing Time | Validity | Family Included |
---|---|---|---|---|
Property Investment (PR) | €300,000 | 2–4 months | Lifetime | Yes |
Digital Nomad Visa | €3,500/month income | 1–2 months | 1–3 years | Yes |
Work Visa | Job offer required | 1–3 months | 1–2 years | Optional |
Student Visa | Tuition fees | 1–2 months | Duration of study | No |
Retirement Permit | €30,000/year income | 2–4 months | Permanent | Yes |
Step-by-Step Immigration Guide: How to Get Cyprus Residency
Immigrating to Cyprus is a structured yet surprisingly straightforward process — especially if you plan to obtain permanent residency through property investment.
Below is a full, practical roadmap that covers every step, from preparation to relocation and registration.

Step 1. Define Your Purpose for Moving
Before you begin, determine why you’re moving to Cyprus — this defines which visa or residency option best fits your case.
- Lifestyle and Family Relocation → Permanent Residency by Investment
- Remote Work / Freelancing → Digital Nomad Visa
- Employment Offer → Work Visa
- Retirement → Category F Permit
- Education → Student Visa
Each path has its own requirements, but the property investment route remains the fastest, most secure, and most flexible option — granting you and your family lifetime residency with minimal bureaucracy.
Step 2. Choose and Purchase a Property in Cyprus
For investors and families, buying new property worth at least €300,000 (plus VAT) is the core requirement for permanent residency.
Property Requirements:
- Must be brand new and purchased directly from a developer (not resale).
- Minimum purchase price: €300,000 (excluding VAT).
- Proof of full payment must come from the applicant’s personal foreign bank account.
- Property must be suitable for residential use (apartment, townhouse, or villa).
Popular Areas for Property Purchase:
- Paphos – family-friendly, tranquil, and scenic coastal town.
- Limassol – modern business hub and luxury capital of Cyprus.
- Larnaca – convenient location near the main international airport, with more affordable options.
👉 Explore premium new developments eligible for residency at Cyprus VIP Estates, featuring exclusive projects from top developers across Paphos, Larnaca, and Limassol.
Step 3. Prepare the Required Documents
Once your property purchase is complete, prepare the following documentation for your residency application.
Required Documents:
- Valid passport for each family member.
- Sales agreement of the purchased property.
- Proof of payment (bank transfer receipts).
- Submit proof of a clean criminal record from your place of residence.
- Proof of annual income (€30,000 minimum + €5,000 per dependent).
- Medical insurance for all applicants.
- Marriage and birth certificates (if applicable).
- Utility bill or property deed (proof of address in Cyprus).
Every document must be provided in English or Greek and properly apostilled.
Step 4. Submit the Residency Application
All applications are processed by the Civil Registry and Migration Department (CRMD) in Cyprus — submission can be done in person or by an authorized lawyer.
Application Timeline:
- Submission: Upon completion of property purchase and document preparation.
- Review period: 2–4 months.
- Residence permit issuance: Once approved, biometric data is collected, and residency cards are issued.
Important:
- You don’t need to reside full-time in Cyprus to keep your residency status.
- You must, however, visit at least once every two years and maintain ownership of your qualifying property.
Step 5. Relocate and Settle in Cyprus
After receiving your residency permit, you can relocate and start your new life on the island.
Essential First Steps After Arrival:
- Register your address at the local municipality.
- Join the healthcare system (GESY) or activate your private insurance.
- Open a bank account (Bank of Cyprus, Hellenic Bank, Alpha Bank).
- Register for utilities (electricity, water, internet).
- Enroll children in school (there are international schools in all major cities).
Cyprus offers a smooth adaptation process, and most expats find it easy to integrate due to the country’s openness and English-speaking environment.
Cyprus Real Estate Market Forecast
Step 6. Maintain Your Residency Status
Your Permanent Residency (PR) remains valid indefinitely, provided you:
- Keep ownership of your qualifying property.
- Make at least one trip to Cyprus every two years.
- Do not spend long periods in countries under international sanctions.
Upon completing five years of lawful residence, you may submit an application for Permanent Residency (Category F) following standard EU procedures.
Following seven years of continuous stay in Cyprus, you may apply for citizenship, subject to certain conditions.
Step 7. Optional — Path to Citizenship
While Cyprus no longer operates its previous Citizenship by Investment program, you can still become a naturalized citizen after long-term residence.
Key Requirements:
- Minimum of 7 years of legal residence in Cyprus.
- Knowledge of local customs and basic Greek language.
- Continuous residence in the 12 months before application.
Cyprus citizenship grants EU rights, including free movement, education, and healthcare across all EU countries.
📌 Summary:
The process of immigrating to Cyprus is simple, transparent, and relatively quick — especially when compared to other EU countries.
By purchasing property worth €300,000 or more, you can secure lifetime residency for your entire family within just a few months — without complex visa renewals or long waiting times.
Cost of Living in Cyprus
One of the main reasons people choose Cyprus for relocation is the affordable cost of living compared to other European destinations with similar living standards.
While the island offers EU-level infrastructure, healthcare, and safety, daily expenses are significantly lower than in Western Europe or the Middle East.
Below is a full breakdown of living costs in 2025 for families, couples, and individuals.
1. Housing Costs
Housing is typically the largest expense for anyone moving to Cyprus.
Prices vary depending on the city — Limassol being the most expensive, followed by Larnaca and Paphos.
Average Monthly Rent in Cyprus
Type of Accommodation | Paphos (€) | Larnaca (€) | Limassol (€) |
---|---|---|---|
1-bedroom apartment (city centre) | 900 | 1,000 | 1,400 |
2-bedroom apartment | 1,200 | 1,300 | 1,800 |
3-bedroom villa | 1,800 | 2,000 | 2,800 |
💡 If you buy property (for example, to obtain permanent residency), you eliminate this expense completely — which reduces your total monthly budget by 30–40%.
At Cyprus VIP Estates, you can explore, investment-grade villas and apartments eligible for residency programs in Paphos, Larnaca, and Limassol.
2. Utilities and Internet
Utilities are reasonably priced and stable throughout the year, except for electricity bills during summer months (due to air conditioning use).
Category | Average Monthly Cost (€) |
---|---|
Electricity, water, garbage | 150–200 |
Internet (fiber, unlimited) | 35–45 |
Mobile phone plan | 25–30 |
3. Groceries and Food
Cyprus imports many products, but locally produced food (vegetables, fruits, olive oil, fish) is both fresh and affordable.
Typical Grocery Prices
Product | Average Price (€) |
---|---|
Bread (1 loaf) | 2.00 |
Milk (1 liter) | 1.40 |
Chicken (1 kg) | 8.00 |
Local cheese (halloumi, 1 kg) | 10.00 |
Fish (sea bream, 1 kg) | 12.00 |
Eggs (10 pcs) | 3.20 |
Tomatoes (1 kg) | 2.50 |
Olive oil (1 liter) | 6.50 |
Bottle of wine | 8–12 |
Monthly grocery expenses for a couple range between €500–700, while families with children typically spend €800–900.
4. Transportation
Cyprus has limited public transportation, so owning a car is the most practical option.
Expense Type | Average Cost (€) |
---|---|
Used car | 7,000–12,000 |
Petrol (per liter) | 1.50 |
Annual insurance | 250–400 |
Annual road tax | 100–200 |
Bus services exist in all cities, but they are mostly used by students and tourists. Fuel-efficient cars and short commuting distances keep transportation costs reasonable.
5. Education
For families with children, Cyprus provides an extensive choice of international schools following UK and US programs.
Type of School | Language | Annual Tuition (€) |
---|---|---|
Public (Cyprus curriculum) | Greek | Free |
Private International | English | 6,000–12,000 |
Montessori / Preschool | English | 4,000–6,000 |
All major cities — Paphos, Larnaca, Limassol, and Nicosia — have high-quality private institutions accredited by international boards.
Moving to Cyprus with School-Age Children — Guid
6. Healthcare
In Cyprus, residents can choose between public and private healthcare systems.
Public Healthcare (GESY):
- Funded by income contributions (low cost).
- Residency holders are eligible to register.
Visits to general practitioners cost only €6–10.
Private Healthcare:
- Higher flexibility and English-speaking doctors.
- Comprehensive health insurance starts at €100–150 per month per adult.
Hospitals and clinics across Cyprus provide EU-standard medical services, with many doctors trained in the UK or Western Europe.
7. Entertainment and Lifestyle
Cyprus offers a vibrant lifestyle without the high costs found in Western capitals.
Activity | Average Cost (€) |
---|---|
Gym membership | 50–70 per month |
Movie ticket | 9–12 |
Dinner for two (mid-range restaurant) | 50–70 |
Cappuccino | 3.50 |
Beach club / pool day pass | 15–30 |
Expats enjoy year-round outdoor activities — from sailing and hiking to tennis and yoga — thanks to the island’s mild climate.
8. Summary: Monthly Budget Estimates
Type of Resident | Paphos (€) | Larnaca (€) | Limassol (€) |
---|---|---|---|
Single professional (renting) | 1,800 | 2,000 | 2,800 |
Couple (renting) | 2,500 | 2,700 | 3,500 |
Family of 3 (own property) | 2,000 | 2,300 | 3,000 |
💡 Tip: Many expats who purchase property for residency find that living in Cyprus costs 30–40% less than living in London, Dubai, or Stockholm, while maintaining the same comfort level.
Best Cities in Cyprus for Expats: Paphos, Larnaca, and Limassol Compared

Cyprus may be a small island, but each city has a unique atmosphere, lifestyle, and real estate market. Selecting the ideal place to live in Cyprus depends on your lifestyle priorities — be it family comfort, business prospects, or coastal leisure.
Let’s compare the three most popular destinations for expats and investors.
Paphos — Tranquility and Family Comfort
Located on the island’s southwest coast, Paphos offers a calm, scenic lifestyle surrounded by history, beaches, and nature.
It’s a UNESCO World Heritage city and one of the most peaceful and family-oriented places in the Mediterranean.
Why Expats Love It
- Ideal for families, retirees, and remote workers.
- Clean air, low noise, minimal traffic.
- Excellent international schools and private healthcare.
- Safe, tight-knit community.
- Property prices are 20–30% lower than in Limassol.
Real Estate Snapshot
- 2-bedroom apartment near the sea: from €250,000.
- Modern villa with pool: from €450,000.
Lifestyle Vibe
Paphos is all about balance — affordable luxury, safety, and serenity. It’s perfect for long-term living with children or for those seeking a slower Mediterranean rhythm.
👉 Explore available new developments in Paphos on Cyprus VIP Estates — all properties are eligible for Cyprus Permanent Residency.
Larnaca — The Balanced Choice
Larnaca lies on the southeast coast and hosts Cyprus’ main international airport, making it ideal for those who travel frequently. The city has seen rapid growth, with major infrastructure and real estate developments transforming its skyline.
Why Expats Choose It
- Central location — easy access to all other cities.
- New seafront developments and a modern marina.
- Lower property and rental prices than Limassol.
- Quiet but lively, with restaurants, cafes, and cultural events.
- Attractive investment potential due to ongoing urban expansion.
Real Estate Snapshot
- 2-bedroom apartment near the marina: from €280,000.
- Seaside penthouse or villa: from €450,000–600,000.
Lifestyle Vibe
- Larnaca is a balanced, versatile city — not too fast, not too slow.
- It appeals to professionals, small business owners, and families who want coastal living at a reasonable cost.
Limassol — The Cosmopolitan Hub
Limassol is the business and luxury capital of Cyprus — a modern, energetic city with a strong expat community. It’s home to international corporations, tech startups, financial firms, and some of the island’s most exclusive real estate projects.
Why Expats and Investors Choose It
- Thriving job market and business ecosystem.
- Luxury living — marinas, 5-star hotels, fine dining.
- International schools, universities, and private clinics.
- Major events year-round (wine festival, carnival, regattas).
- The highest property demand and liquidity in Cyprus.
Real Estate Snapshot
- 2-bedroom apartment in city center: from €400,000.
- Seafront luxury apartment: from €750,000–1.5M+.
- Villa in the suburbs: from €900,000.
Lifestyle Vibe
- Limassol is vibrant and cosmopolitan — ideal for entrepreneurs, professionals, and those who value an active lifestyle.
- It’s the priciest city on the island, but also offers the highest returns on property investments and rental yields.
City Comparison Table
Factor | Paphos | Larnaca | Limassol |
---|---|---|---|
Cost of Living | Low | Medium | High |
Property Prices | Affordable | Moderate | Expensive |
Work Opportunities | Moderate | Growing | Excellent |
Family Friendliness | Excellent | High | High |
Nightlife & Entertainment | Quiet | Balanced | Vibrant |
Ideal For | Families, retirees | Frequent travelers, investors | Professionals, entrepreneurs |
No matter which city you choose, buying new property valued at €300,000+ grants you permanent residency and a gateway to the EU lifestyle.
👉 Discover verified new developments and investment opportunities in all three cities at Cyprus VIP Estates.
Life in Cyprus After Immigration: Healthcare, Education, Taxes, and Work
Once your immigration process is complete, life in Cyprus offers the perfect combination of European infrastructure, Mediterranean climate, and a relaxed pace of living. Below, we cover everything you need to know about daily life as a resident — from healthcare and education to employment and taxation.
Healthcare in Cyprus
The island ensures top-level medical care through an efficient mix of public and private healthcare options.
Public Healthcare — GESY
Since 2019, Cyprus operates under the General Healthcare System (GESY), which provides affordable medical services to all legal residents.
Key Benefits:
- Low consultation fees (around €6–10 for GP visits).
- Coverage includes general practitioners, specialists, hospital care, lab tests, and prescriptions.
- Residents with permanent status can register easily using their residence card.
Private Healthcare
- A large number of foreign residents opt for private clinics, appreciating the quick service and fluent English communication.
- Private insurance starts from €100–150 per month for adults and €60–80 for children.
- All major cities — Limassol, Larnaca, Paphos, and Nicosia — have modern private clinics equipped to EU standards.
Many doctors in Cyprus are trained in the UK or Western Europe, so communication and quality of care are excellent.
Education in Cyprus
Cyprus offers a diverse education system suitable for both local and international families.
Public Schools
- Free for all residents.
- Curriculum in Greek.
- Suitable for long-term residents planning deep local integration.
Private International Schools
- Teach in English, often following British or American curricula.
- Annual tuition: €6,000–12,000.
- Located in all major cities.
- Offer a global environment, ideal for expat children.
Higher Education
Cyprus has reputable universities offering programs in English, including:
- University of Nicosia
- European University Cyprus
- Cyprus International Institute of Management
Many students later obtain EU-recognized degrees without leaving the island.
Working and Doing Business in Cyprus
Cyprus has developed into one of Europe’s most business-friendly environments, especially in IT, finance, shipping, and professional services.
Employment
- Average monthly salary: €1,500–2,000.
- In-demand fields: IT, finance, tourism, education, healthcare, and real estate.
- English is widely used in the workplace — no need to learn Greek for most jobs.
- Work permits are renewable and relatively simple to maintain.
Business and Startups
Renowned for its 12.5% corporate tax — among the lowest in the EU — Cyprus attracts numerous international businesses. It’s also part of major double taxation treaties with over 60 countries, including the UK and UAE.
Starting a company in Cyprus is fast and straightforward:
- Registration: 7–14 days.
- 100% foreign ownership permitted.
- Access to EU markets and banking system.
The island has become a European hub for fintech, IT, and digital marketing companies, attracting professionals from across Europe and the Middle East.
Taxation for Residents
One of the biggest advantages of relocating to Cyprus is the tax efficiency.
Personal Income Tax
Annual Income (€) | Tax Rate |
---|---|
0–19,500 | 0% |
19,501–28,000 | 20% |
28,001–36,300 | 25% |
36,301–60,000 | 30% |
60,001+ | 35% |
Key Benefits for Expats:
- No tax on foreign dividends for non-domiciled residents.
- No inheritance tax.
- No wealth tax.
- Low social insurance contributions (around 7.8%).
- Cyprus offers a low, flat 5% tax on foreign pensions over €3,420 annually.
Lifestyle and Community
- With minimal crime levels, Cyprus is considered one of Europe’s most secure destinations.
- Locals are welcoming, friendly, and open to international residents.
- English-speaking communities are well established in all coastal cities.
- Outdoor living is a big part of the culture: beach days, cycling, hiking, and year-round dining on open terraces.
Cyprus offers European quality of life with a Mediterranean soul — a unique mix of comfort, safety, and warmth.
Everything You Need to Know About Immigrating to Cyprus
Relocating to Cyprus has never been easier. Whether you’re looking for a safer, sunnier home for your family, a tax-efficient place to retire, or a secure gateway to the European Union — Cyprus offers it all.
Blending Mediterranean charm with economic stability and a transparent legal system, Cyprus stands out as a top destination for investors and expatriates.
Unlike other EU countries, Cyprus allows you to obtain permanent residency simply by purchasing new property worth €300,000 or more — with no need for long waiting periods, complex visa renewals, or mandatory stays.
Once you’ve secured your home, you and your family can enjoy:
- Lifetime EU residency.
- High-quality healthcare and education.
- One of Europe’s lowest tax systems.
- Safe and relaxed Mediterranean living.
Your new beginning in Cyprus starts with one step — finding your ideal property.
👉 Explore exclusive new developments and investment opportunities at Cyprus VIP Estates — and let our team guide you through every stage of the process, from selection to residency approval.